As DEDALUS comes to an end, its resources remain open and accessible to support the future of residential demand response in Europe.

After three years of research, development and real-life validation, the EU-funded DEDALUS project has concluded, leaving behind a set of tools, evidence and lessons learnt to support the future deployment of residential demand response in Europe.

Across seven pilot sites in Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Romania and Spain, DEDALUS tested human-centric and interoperable solutions in diverse residential contexts, including energy communities, social housing, student residences, district-scale environments and elderly living facilities.

Among its key achievements, DEDALUS:

• Validated residential demand response in real-life settings, showing how flexibility can be activated across different building types, user groups and local energy conditions.
• Developed and tested interoperable digital solutions, combining AI, IoT, blockchain, digital twins, smart heating control and user-facing services to support more flexible, efficient, and user-centred energy management.

The project’s results are now compiled into the DEDALUS Innovation Handbook, together with pilot and cross-cutting factsheets, policy outputs, reports, videos, and other legacy materials. All DEDALUS legacy materials are available for download at this link.

In line with the project’s commitment to open access, DEDALUS outputs are also available through Zenodo, ensuring that the knowledge generated remains accessible and reusable beyond the project’s formal end.  DEDALUS Zenodo Community is here.

(Photo Credits: iStock by Getty Images)

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A new video by the DEDALUS project shows why the success of residential demand response depends not only on technology, but on trust, usability and real user needs.

The DEDALUS project has released its final video, highlighting a key message for Europe’s energy transition: technology alone is not enough. The video is now available online at this link. 

As digital solutions become central to decarbonisation, important gaps remain between innovation and real-world adoption. In particular, limited digital skills, ageing populations and mismatches between tools and user needs continue to affect uptake.

The video shows how DEDALUS addressed these challenges by combining technology with insights from social sciences, placing users at the centre of residential demand response solutions.

Its core message is clear: for energy solutions to work, they must be trusted, understood and easy to use.

(Ph. Diego Giuliani)

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A four-episode podcast series explores how human-centred innovation can make the energy transition more inclusive, accessible and effective across diverse communities.

The DEDALUS project has launched its podcast series, a four-episode journey exploring how Europe’s energy transition can become smarter, fairer, and more inclusive when technology is designed around people’s real needs and everyday lives.

Through the voices of researchers, practitioners and local communities, the series explores what it takes to make residential energy innovation work in practice and enable citizens to play a more active role in the transition. All four episodes are now available online on this SPOTIFY channel.

The first episode, “Human first: when technology meets social sciences”, explores why technological innovation alone is not enough to optimise energy consumption, and why trust, acceptance, comfort, and user involvement from the design phase are essential. It also reflects on the need to broaden participation in the energy transition in an ageing European society.

The second episode, “From passive users to energy actors: communities and refugees take control”, takes listeners to Austria, where a residential complex near Vienna was able to protect residents from the energy crisis through participation in an energy community and a human-centred technological approach enabling refugees and other residents to play an active role in managing their energy use.

The third episode, “Inclusive energy in action: engaging with and listening to vulnerable communities”, focuses on a Danish pilot site where more than 60% of residents come from non-EU countries. It highlights the barriers that can limit participation — from language and digital literacy to mistrust and privacy concerns — and underscores the importance of empathy, cultural awareness and continuous dialogue when designing solutions for vulnerable communities.

The fourth and final episode, “Comfort, energy, and inclusion: bridging the digital divide”, travels to Italy, to a co-housing community for people over 65. Through the story of Simonetta, one of the co-housing residents,  it shows how personalised recommendations, human support and simple tools can help residents improve thermal comfort without increasing energy consumption, while ensuring that those less confident with digital technologies are not left behind.

Image by AstralEmber from Pixabay

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From ageing populations to multicultural neighbourhoods, a just transition demands more than algorithms. It requires inclusive mentoring and a clear understanding of those most at risk of being left behind. Otherwise, experts warn, we risk designing technology for a population that no longer exists.

“In summer it gets very hot here, and in winter it’s very cold. So I was curious to see if there was a way to overcome this inconvenience.” These are not exceptional words; anyone might use them to explain why they decided to get involved in an experiment to better handle domestic energy. What makes them exceptional is that, in this case, they are spoken by 72-year-old Simonetta Tazzer. An age that makes many things more difficult, especially when technological adaptations are required.

The experiment in question is that of Borgo Mazzini Smart Cohousing in Treviso, part of the Italian pilot for the DEDALUS project—an initiative focused on human-centred energy innovation. Here, the challenge was to ensure that innovation remains an invisible ally rather than a technical burden. Silvia Palma, a project manager at EnEA who worked closely on the Treviso pilot, explains that the residents’ feedback was the actual engine of the development: “Simonetta collaborated with us to help train the services and algorithms, enabling us to personalise her apartment’s comfort levels and encouraging energy flexibility while strictly maintaining her domestic well-being.” Every morning, Simonetta receives a WhatsApp message with three simple temperature options. For her, the logic is straightforward: “It is a very simple thing that even I can understand, even though I am not technological at all and I am of a certain age.”

However, the path to inclusion is rarely straight. In the Danish DEDALUS pilot in Herning, researchers confronted a complex social reality: the attempt to engage a multicultural neighbourhood through traditional communication methods was met with near-total silence. Sending letters or providing apps to a community where language barriers are significant and institutional trust is low proved ineffective. Thomas Lyngvad and Henrik Lund Stærmose, who oversaw the pilot, faced a human barrier: a deep suspicion of authorities and the absolute priority of basic needs among refugee families who, fearing high costs, often turn their heating off completely, living in temperatures as low as 15 degrees.

This gap between technical dreams and human reality is well known to Michael Brenner-Fließer, a sociologist at Joanneum Research in Graz, Austria, and Chair of the Working Group on Consumer and Citizen Engagement at BRIDGE, the European Commission’s initiative that unites dozens of smart energy projects. “Generally, we have made significant progress with technical tools, but we underestimated the social component and the reluctance of human beings, as creatures of habit, to change,” Brenner-Fließer observes. To overcome this, BRIDGE is promoting the concept of “Societal Readiness“—a requirement to ensure that tools are designed to be implementation-ready from a human perspective before they even hit the market.

This search for a “human bridge” finds a powerful parallel in the SocialNRG project, which operates in the social housing pilot of Cinisello Balsamo (Milan) to tackle energy poverty through the creation of renewable energy communities. Here, vulnerability is often linked to an information deficit that exacerbates financial hardship. Sara Zoni, representing Innovacoop, notes that many residents—mainly seniors over 80—are excluded simply because they lack the tools to navigate a complex energy market. Zoni emphasises that understanding an electricity bill is a challenge even for professionals, let alone for elderly residents. This literacy gap leads to inefficient home use and leaves citizens exposed to risks: “They reported frequently falling victim to phone scams regarding energy contracts,” Zoni explains, “which is why they asked for an awareness and information path.” The solution implemented by SocialNRG is “human mentoring” through the TED (Tutor per l’Energia Domestica, or Household Energy Tutors) – specialised figures who provide free support in deciphering utility bills and choosing fair contracts.

Brenner-Fließer confirms that this is the only way forward: “Establishing trust ultimately depends on solution providers building genuine, trust-based relationships with citizens. This is not an easy task and requires significant time and effort—often invisible in successful outcomes, but very apparent when it fails.” According to the BRIDGE chair, the most effective approach is working with local facilitators who already enjoy the community’s trust, whether they are local leaders, skilled tradespeople, or municipal tutors.

For Alexandra Revez, a Research Fellow at University College Cork, identifying these “invisible” groups is the real challenge. She argues that we are “always looking for the tech fix when there’s a lot of social and political fixes that we need to follow through as well.” Revez points specifically to single-parent families—most often headed by women—and people with disabilities as being at high risk of political and social exclusion. Participation requires time and mobility that these groups often do not have. To foster their involvement, she suggests providing concrete logistical support, such as childcare services during community meetings or tailored accessibility tools, ensuring the transition does not become a privilege for the few.

This analysis finds its ultimate pragmatic confirmation in the words of Diego Arnone, coordinator of the DEDALUS project. For many, the “green revolution” is a distant thought compared to daily survival. Arnone uses a stark metaphor: for many vulnerable families, talking about the energy transition is “like talking about pastries to those who lack bread and water.”

However, Arnone believes the problem goes deeper into the very fabric of our changing continent. “We are designing for a society that is rapidly ageing, while the ‘fresh blood’ is coming almost exclusively from migratory trends. To ignore these demographic shifts is to design technology for a population that doesn’t exist,” he warns. To prevent energy digitalisation from becoming a new form of “high-tech exile” for the elderly or the newly arrived, Arnone argues that technology must become a servant, not a master. “In our pilots, we have seen that the most successful innovation is the one you don’t even notice. It must adapt to the rhythm of the home, not the other way around.”

As highlighted during the 2025 International Social Housing Festival, resident participation is no longer a procedural box to tick, but the cornerstone of social sustainability. By starting from the real-life needs of people like Simonetta, the energy transition can finally move from being a technical mandate to a shared human journey.

Article written by Selene Verri

(Photo Credit: Pexels)

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A new DEDALUS resource developed by EnEA explores how better-designed incentives can support residential consumers’ participation in demand response programmes.

Developed by the partner EnEA under the DEDALUS project, the Toolkit for incentives scheme design looks at how financial and non-financial incentives can support the participation of residential consumers in demand response programmes. This resource examines the role of measures such as time-of-use pricing, rebates, social recognition, gamification, and community engagement in encouraging more active and sustained user involvement. The toolkit also highlights that effective incentive design depends on more than technology alone. Factors such as habits, comfort, trust, digital literacy, and motivation shape how people respond to demand response schemes, making it necessary to adopt approaches that are clearer, more accessible, and better aligned with different user profiles.

Further information about the toolkit can be found on the DEDALUS Resources page, where it is also available for download.

Image by Rudy and Peter Skitterians from Pixabay

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BRIDGE General Assembly 2026 highlighted how innovation, data and citizen engagement are shaping Europe’s energy transition in a context marked by geopolitical instability, energy market volatility and increasing systemic challenges.

Set against a backdrop of geopolitical instability and energy market volatility, during the last edition of the BRIDGE General Assembly, representatives from the European Commission emphasised that reducing dependence on fossil fuels and strengthening energy sovereignty is no longer optional, but a strategic necessity. In this context, the energy transition – driven by renewables, digitalisation, and system integration – was identified as the cornerstone of Europe’s long-term resilience.

Moreover, BRIDGE General Assembly 2026 highlighted how innovation, data, and citizens are shaping Europe’s energy transition.

A key message emerged from the opening session: the future of Europe’s energy system will depend on grids that are not only cleaner, but also smarter, more flexible, and digitally enabled. With renewables accounting for an increasing share of the electricity mix, the need for advanced grid management, storage solutions, and real-time coordination has become central.

The Assembly also highlighted the growing importance of data governance and access to high-quality data, identified as one of the main barriers to scaling digital and AI solutions in the energy sector.

Present at the 2026 BRIDGE General Assembly, DEDALUS – represented by its coordinator Diego Arnone (Engineering) – followed and contributed to discussions across all four Working Groups, reaffirming its commitment to advancing innovation, collaboration and policy alignment in Europe’s energy transition.

Within the breakout session of the Working Group on Consumer and Citizen Engagement, DEDALUS was highlighted as a case study, reflecting its contribution to earlier BRIDGE activities, including a spotlight session and a dedicated workshop where it presented its SSH framework.

Discussions emphasised the critical role of trust, inclusivity and user-centred approaches in the energy transition. Key points included the need to move beyond one-size-fits-all engagement strategies to better reach vulnerable groups; the importance of co-creation and long-term community involvement; and the value of integrating social sciences and humanities perspectives into the design and implementation of energy solutions.

Photo by Matthew Henry on Unsplash

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Beyond technical fixes: from bridging the democratic deficit to the 'social fix', how community trust, inclusive mentoring and the protection of domestic rituals are turning passive consumers into active energy citizens.

“Official complaints against co-operative energy projects are ten times lower than those against commercial ones. That’s huge. But that’s not zero.” For Jan De Pauw, energy advisor for the Belgian city of Eeklo and a leading member of the Ecopower energy community, these figures reveal a vital truth: the energy transition is, first and foremost, a human endeavour. While a small margin of resistance is perhaps inevitable, the overwhelming success of the co-operative model proves that when citizens are brought into the heart of the process, they don’t just accept change – they embrace it.

This resilience of the co-operative model stems from a simple yet profound shift in perspective. At its heart, an energy co-operative is a collective of citizens who come together to own, manage, and produce their own renewable resources.

Unlike traditional utility companies, where decisions are made in distant corridors of power, these communities operate on the democratic principle of “one member, one vote.” As De Pauw explains, “A co-operative is an ideal model to have in place because you can become a member just by buying one share of €125 or €250.”

This ownership is the primary driver of social acceptance; when a wind turbine or a solar park is no longer perceived as a foreign object imposed by a profit-seeking corporation but as a shared local asset, the dynamic of distrust is dismantled.

For De Pauw, the ultimate goal is clear: “People should have the right to use the produced energy at cost from the community.” This sense of belonging turns a technical project into a social one, yet it also highlights a broader cultural blind spot in how we approach environmental change.

For too long, the European energy debate has been dominated by what experts call the ‘technical fix’. Whether it is the installation of smart meters or the mass adoption of e-mobility, the spotlight remains stubbornly on the machine rather than the user.

Alexandra Revez, a research fellow at University College Cork, argues that the solution lies in a more democratic approach based on three essential pillars.  First, there is the ‘robustness of facts’, meaning that decisions must be grounded in solid, well-communicated information.  Second, we need a ‘collective vision’, where people look beyond their own needs to consider the impact on others and future generations. Finally, she points to the ‘long term’, stressing that policies must be designed to last for 10 or 15 years, moving away from the logic of constant emergencies.

This gap between policy and people is where practitioners like Julia Blanke, a behavioural psychologist also based in Cork, step in. To ground the transition in reality, Blanke, who is involved in the ENPOWER project, advocates for a hands-on “social fix” through community workshops where residents and experts work side by side. “The goal is to gather information,” she explains, “which we can feed back to the tool developers so that they can develop their tools accordingly, so that they are more adjusted and more adaptable to the people who are supposed to use those energy tools, applications, and platforms.” By designing solutions with the people rather than for them, the project moves from a top-down requirement to a shared effort where residents help shape their own energy future.

This quest for social fixes is often hindered by a silent, invisible barrier: the language gap. Across several pan-European initiatives, a friction exists between the engineers designing the algorithms and the social scientists tasked with ensuring their acceptance. It is a context where technical people and citizens essentially speak different languages.

Bridging this gap requires a constant effort of “translation,” turning abstract grid requirements into local narratives that resonate with a community’s identity. Julia Blanke emphasises that engaging residents is not something that can be automated through an app or a portal. “It is really face-to-face, one-to-one work,” she explains. “It is very time-consuming and at the moment not scalable.” However, she believes this personal touch is the only way to spark a “snowball effect” of interest, where people see their neighbours participating and think, “Look, they’re doing it, it might be interesting, I’ll have a look.”

Without this human mediation, even the most sophisticated smart home system remains an intrusive “black box,” particularly when it challenges our most deeply held rituals. The common assumption that financial incentives are the primary driver of change is a myth that researchers are increasingly working to debunk.

Diego Arnone, an expert in energy systems at Engineering SpA and coordinator of the DEDALUS project, highlights that saving a few euros a year is rarely enough to trigger a lifestyle revolution. Arnone points out that we are essentially creatures of habit, and comfort often outweighs logic. In his experience, asking a resident to shift their routine—such as moving the laundry cycle to midday to match solar production—is not a simple technical request; it is an intrusion into the sanctity of the home.

“Asking a family to change their laundry habits to save a few cents is simply not effective,” Arnone observes. “We need to respect the sanctity of their daily rituals.” For the transition to take root, technology must become “invisible” and respect the domestic rhythm rather than disrupt it.

This is where technical innovation must meet human empathy. Arnone points to non-intrusive load monitoring as a crucial tool for non-invasive engagement. These algorithms study the “waveform of a home’s energy absorption” to identify individual appliances without the need for cameras or intrusive sensors. “Every single device has a footprint,” says Arnone.

By using software to recognise when a washing machine or an iron is turned on, the system notably slashes costs and respects the privacy of the residents. The goal is to lower the psychological barrier to entry, ensuring that smart energy management does not come at the cost of personal comfort. Yet, making the transition frictionless for the average household is only half the battle; the other half is still ensuring that it does not become a luxury reserved for the few.

To reach that final margin of resistance, the transition must be inclusive by design; a mission that sits at the core of Housing Europe’s work. Dara Turnbull, research coordinator at the federation, explains that involving residents is the only way to make the transition socially sustainable. “Even things like reading an electricity bill or understanding how to correctly use your home to be more energy efficient is actually something that many people living in social housing lack and it leads them to maybe behave or use their home in certain ways that are not helping them to alleviate any energy poverty issues that they may be encountering.” So, even if founding an energy community is “great”, any energy project needs to include coaching and mentoring, especially for the most vulnerable – such as senior citizens – who are often bypassed by high-tech revolutions.

This search for equity leads directly to the ground-level experiments in cities like Eeklo, where the community has found a way to bridge the financial gap for those left behind. “For those people who can’t afford the €250 share, the city of Eeklo found a solution,” explains Jan De Pauw. The municipality pre-finances the social share so that vulnerable families “don’t have to put money on the table to become a member.” Instead, they repay the loan with a small portion of the savings they make on their electricity bills. After approximately six years, the city recovers the investment and can support another household, proving that energy can be a tool for social welfare rather than a financial burden.

Despite these frameworks, one must accept that there is no magic wand. Léo Maenner, a manager at the Spanish co-operative Som Energia, with twenty years of experience in renewable energy and co-operatives, often finds himself navigating the gap between technical projects and the concerns of local residents. Maenner explains that some opposition is entirely emotional, linked to a profound sense of loss regarding landscape and identity.

“We can work and work, we can modify everything, but in the end, it won’t pass,” Maenner says with the weariness of experience. He points out a curious sociological trend: the most stubborn resistance often comes from “neo-rural” residents rather than historical inhabitants. Maenner explains that people who have recently moved to the countryside often feel they have “purchased the landscape” along with their home. For these individuals, a solar panel is a violation of their personal “ideal” of the territory. Maenner concludes that “It is a question of individual interest and a perceived loss of control” that no amount of technical data or discussions can satisfy.

Acknowledging this recalcitrant margin—the ‘not zero’—is perhaps the most honest step towards a truly human-centred transition. Because while the grid is made of wires and software, it is ultimately shaped by habits, trust, and resistance.
These are things no technology, on its own, can ever fix.

Article written by Selene Verri

(Photo Credit: Bancha Singchai on iStock by Getty Images)

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Towards an integrated energy ecosystem: results, visions and perspectives for smart and flexible buildings from the DEDALUS and FORTESIE projects on 25 March.

The DEDALUS and FORTESIE projects are coming to an end.

To mark this milestone, the two projects will host a hybrid final event on 25 March, titled ” “Synergy for Efficiency – Towards Smarter and More Flexible Energy Use in Buildings” in Brussels and online, bringing together project partners, stakeholders, and policy experts to reflect on the future of smart energy and smart buildings in Europe.

After several years of research, experimentation, and collaboration, the event will celebrate key achievements and lessons learned, highlighting how digital platforms, energy renovation, and demand response solutions can enable buildings to become active participants in the future energy system.

It will also offer an opportunity to share knowledge and practical insights generated during the projects, while opening a broader discussion on the role that smart and flexible buildings can play in supporting Europe’s energy transition.

The programme will combine project results and strategic reflections, creating a space for dialogue between researchers, industry representatives, housing organisations and policymakers at European and national levels.

The Agenda (in progress) – All times are in CET

9:15 – 9:30
Welcome and Introduction (10’)

9:30 – 9:45
Keynote speech by a representative of the European Commission (15′)

9:45 – 11:00
DEDALUS Project Session (75’)

11:00 – 11:15
Coffee Break (15’)

11:15 – 12:30
FORTESIE Project Session (75’)

12:30 – 12:55
Roundtable discussion
Smart and energy-efficient buildings: integrating renovation, digitalisation and demand response (20’)

12:55 – 13:00
Closing Remarks (5’)

13:00 – 14:00 
Light networking lunch (60′)

To register, please complete this form.

(Credit: DKosig -iStock)

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The DEDALUS project participated in the BRIDGE workshop, highlighting trust and inclusivity as structural pillars of the energy transition and engaging in a constructive dialogue with the SUPERSHINE project on advancing participatory pathways for citizens.

The DEDALUS project participated in the workshop “Capacity Building, User Engagement & Inclusivity” organised by the Subgroup “Strategies of Engagement”, as a part of the Working Group “Consumer and Citizen Engagement” of the BRIDGE initiative, last week.

 The workshop provided an opportunity to share insights from DEDALUS’ implementation across seven European countries, while also learning from complementary experiences such as those of the SUPERSHINE project in the field of social housing renovation. 

The workshop was enriched by a conceptual contribution from academic expert Johanna Hofman, from Eindhoven University of Technology, who emphasised the need to move from instrumental engagement models to more relational and context-sensitive approaches. Her intervention framed social acceptance and energy literacy as evolving social practices embedded in participation.

Why this discussion matters for DEDALUS

Demand response and flexibility mechanisms are central to Europe’s decarbonisation pathway. However, their success depends not only on technical optimisation, but on users’ willingness, trust, and perception of value.

DEDALUS was designed precisely to address this challenge: combining social science, behavioural research, and technological innovation to enable more effective and inclusive participation in demand response schemes.

During the workshop, DEDALUS presented its human-centred approach and shared practical evidence from pilots involving diverse user groups.

Key Highlights from DEDALUS

•  Engagement must be embedded from the beginning: DEDALUS demonstrated that user engagement cannot be treated as a dissemination activity added at the end of the project. It must shape the design of tools, communication strategies, and pilot implementation from the outset;
• Trust is the primary driver of participation: Across pilots, trust emerged as more influential than financial i incentives alone. Users are more likely to engage in flexibility schemes when they feel confident that their comfort, autonomy, and privacy are respected;
• Comfort outweighs purely financial motivations: While economic savings are relevant, DEDALUS findings show that users prioritise comfort and control of their living environment. Demand response solutions must therefore be framed around well-being and simplicity, not only cost reduction;
• Human mediation makes the difference: At several pilots, especially those involving vulnerable groups, the presence of trusted local intermediaries — such as housing operators or care home staff, significantly increased participation and reduced resistance;
• Energy literacy develops through participation: DEDALUS confirmed that energy knowledge does not need to precede engagement. Through co-creation workshops and tailored communication, users progressively built understanding and confidence in demand response mechanisms;
• Tailored approaches are essential for inclusivity: From multilingual documentation in Denmark to simplified, non-digital engagement formats for elderly residents in Italy, DEDALUS adapted its methods to local realities. Inclusivity proved to be a practical design choice, not a theoretical principle.

Learning through BRIDGE: Dialogue with SUPERSHINE

While DEDALUS focuses on demand response, the workshop also featured insights from the Horizon project SuperShine, which addresses social housing renovation through participatory pathways.
The exchange highlighted strong convergence points

• Tangible results reinforce credibility and capacity;
• Building requires dedicated resources and skilled facilitators;
• Acceptance must be treated as a process over time.

DEDALUS within BRIDGE: Strengthening the social pillar

Through its active involvement in BRIDGE activities, DEDALUS contributes to advancing a more integrated approach to energy innovation — one that recognises behavioural dynamics, inclusivity, and social acceptance as structural elements of project success.

The workshop reinforced a central message: the energy transition is not only technical — it is relational. Projects must move beyond transactional engagement models and adopt trust-based, context-sensitive strategies that empower users rather than merely informing them.

“The BRIDGE Strategies of Engagement’ subgroup welcomed the contribution of DEDALUS and other projects to this collective reflection. The workshop confirmed that user engagement, inclusivity, and capacity building are not complementary activities, but structural dimensions of successful energy innovation“, said Valeria Palladino, co-leader of the subgroup. “Cross-project dialogue remains essential to move from isolated engagement practices towards more systemic, relational approaches across the European energy transition ecosystem”.

(Ph.Credits: Pexels)

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At the last DEDALUS General Assembly in La Seu d’Urgell, DEDALUS marked the transition to its final phase, with residential demand response solutions moving into real-life validation and demonstration.

During the General Assembly held in January in La Seu d’Urgell, DEDALUS partners reviewed progress across the project and discussed the next steps as the initiative moves towards its final phase. With work increasingly focused on validation and demonstration in real-life settings, the meeting marked a shift from technology development towards deployment, practical testing, and future uptake.

Across the consortium, partners confirmed the maturity of a wide range of solutions designed to make residential demand response more effective, data-driven, and relevant to real users and communities. Pilot activities are now playing a central role in assessing how these solutions perform in practice across different local contexts.

The discussions also pointed to a shared ambition across the project: to make smart energy solutions more usable, trustworthy, and better aligned with the realities of buildings, infrastructures, and user behaviour.

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